18,179 adoptions since 2019, only 1,404 children with special needs find homes
New Delhi (PTI): Of the 18,179 adoptions recorded since 2019, only 1,404 involved children with special needs even as the absolute numbers of adoptions saw an increase over the next five years, according to official data.
Though the number of children with special needs for adoption has risen, the adoption rate is still significantly low, activists pointed out.
Children with special needs require additional support due to physical, developmental, behavioural or emotional challenges.
In 2019-20, India saw a total of 3,745 adoptions -- 3,351 in-country and 394 international. Of the total number, only 56 boys and 110 girls with special needs were adopted, the Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) said in its response to an RTI query filed by PTI.
In 2020-21, a total of 3,559 adoptions were recorded including 3,142 in-country and 417 inter-country. Only 110 boys and 133 girls with special needs were adopted in this year.
The number of adoptions dropped marginally to 3,405 -- 2,991 in-country and 414 international -- in 2021-22. The total number of adoptions included 136 boys and 206 girls with special needs.
In 2022-23, 3,441 adoptions -- 3,010 in-country and 431 inter-country -- were recorded, with 156 boys and 188 girls with special needs finding adoptive families.
The number of adoptions in 2023-24 increased significantly to 4,029 -- 3,580 in-country and 449 international. These included 135 boys and 174 girls with special needs.
Adoptions of children with special needs have shown a marked increase over the past five years. Despite a slight dip in 2023-24, the overall trend indicates a growing acceptance of children with special needs among prospective adoptive parents.
But challenges persist including the fact that a significant proportion of children available for adoption fall into this category.
As of July 5, 2024, 420 children with special needs were waiting for adoption in childcare institutions across India, according to CARA.
Citing data from CARA's Child Adoption Resource Information and Guidance System (CARINGS), the founder of NGO Families of Joy Avinash Kumar said that as of July 2024, 76 per cent of the 1,709 children legally available for adoption were those with special needs.
These figures are stark, especially when compared to the dwindling number of healthy children available for adoption.
Only 25 healthy children under the age of two are available for adoption nationwide, making up just 1 per cent of the total. In 19 states, there are no healthy children below the age of 10 available for adoption, highlighting broader challenges within India's adoption system, Avinash Kumar said.
The classification of children with special needs remains contentious.
Former CARA CEO Deepak Kumar said, "Even those children who have got a minor correctable disease or ailment, which over a period of time may no longer classify them as special needs, are still labelled as such for the purpose of adoption."
This broad classification includes children with developmental delays or minor physical conditions like a cleft palate, which can be surgically corrected.
"Parents are very wary of adopting a child with even minor correctable issues, leading to a preference for perfectly healthy children as per the age profile," Deepak Kumar said.
This reluctance often results in these children being placed in inter-country adoptions, where they are more likely to find families willing to support them. In other countries, a more comprehensive support system for children with special needs exists.
"In other countries, parents adopting children with special needs are given a lot of facilities, including allowances and planned surgeries. They are well looked after, which is why these children find homes more easily abroad," the former CARA CEO said.
The current approach to categorising and labelling children with special needs has faced criticism.
Avinash Kumar described CARA's categorisation system as "regressive". He said the term 'special needs' carries a negative connotation and makes it hard for children to be placed with adoptive families.
"The categorisation and definition of special needs is itself regressive in CARA. If a child has the smallest of impairments, they are dumped into the special needs category," he said.
Avinash Kumar said he led a task force to redefine the categorisation but despite numerous suggestions, little has changed.
"We suggested that instead of labelling children as special needs, they should simply be called children. Any child who has been traumatised and cut off from their family needs more love and care. They may appear to be physically fine but will still require special empathy and support," he said.
He also emphasised the need for a more nuanced approach to categorising these children.
"Instead of dumping all children into one category, there should be gradations and efforts should be made to educate both the parents and the child about their specific needs," he suggested.
Despite significant challenges, Deepak Kumar said there are signs of a gradual change in attitudes towards the adoption of children with special needs in India due to increased dissemination of information and changing social attitudes.
He said that during his tenure as CARA CEO, he observed an increased preference for girls over boys among adoptive parents and this has grown further in recent years.
"When I was there (CARA), about 30-35 per cent of people opted for boys, 40-45 per cent for girls and the remaining 15-20 per cent gave no preference. Now, the number of parents wanting to adopt girls is slightly higher than those who want to adopt boys," he said.
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Nicobar Tribal Council Alleges FRA Violations in Great Nicobar Wildlife Sanctuaries
Sri Vijaypuram (Port Blair): The Tribal Council of Little and Great Nicobar has alleged fresh violations of the Forest Rights Act in the notification of three wildlife sanctuaries linked to the Centre’s ₹92,000-crore Great Nicobar Island project, even as the Calcutta High Court is set to hear petitions challenging the mega project over similar concerns next month.
The Union government had, in October 2022, notified three wildlife sanctuaries in parts of Little Nicobar Island, Menchal Island and Meroe Island for the conservation of leatherback turtles, megapodes and coral ecosystems. The move came after the government acknowledged that the proposed infrastructure project on Great Nicobar Island would affect coral colonies and nesting habitats of endangered species.
However, the tribal council has maintained that the sanctuaries were declared without consultation with the Nicobarese communities who traditionally inhabit and manage these islands.
In a letter dated April 23 addressed to the Assistant Conservator of Forests of the Nicobar Forest Division, the council reiterated its opposition to the sanctuaries and objected to the formation of a committee to determine eco-sensitive zones around the protected areas.
The council said its chairman had not been consulted before being included in the committee and was informed of his membership only a month after the committee was constituted.
The three notified sanctuaries include the Leatherback Turtle Sanctuary in parts of Little Nicobar Island, the Megapode Sanctuary covering the entire Menchal Island and the Coral Sanctuary spanning the whole of Meroe Island.
According to the council, Menchal and Meroe islands hold deep cultural and spiritual significance for the Nicobarese community, which believes the islands are inhabited by the spirits of their ancestors.
The council demanded that the sanctuary notifications be revoked and the eco-sensitive zone committee dissolved, alleging that both decisions were taken against the wishes of the indigenous community.
Meanwhile, Jairam Ramesh has written to Tribal Affairs Minister Jual Oram alleging violations of the Forest Rights Act in the process of obtaining consent for diversion of forest land for the Great Nicobar project.
Ramesh argued that consent should have been obtained through the Tribal Council representing the Nicobarese communities instead of through Gram Sabhas representing settler families. He also questioned how the government-controlled Andaman Adim Janjati Vikas Samiti could provide consent on behalf of the Shompen community, classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group.
He urged the Tribal Affairs Ministry to intervene and seek withdrawal of clearances granted for the project under the Forest Rights Act.
Earlier, Ramesh had also written to Union Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav alleging that environmental impact studies for the project were conducted in haste and without the detailed seasonal assessments mandated under environmental laws.
The dispute dates back to 2022 when the Andaman and Nicobar administration initiated the process for notifying the three sanctuaries before holding Special Gram Sabhas for diversion of forest land linked to the Great Nicobar project.
In May that year, the administration invited objections and claims regarding the proposed sanctuaries. Subsequently, on July 19, the Nicobar Deputy Commissioner certified that no objections or claims had been received.
The tribal council later wrote to the district administration stating that the notification process was carried out without ensuring that residents of Little Nicobar Island were informed as required by law. It alleged that no public announcements seeking objections were made in villages such as Bahua, Muhincoihn and Kiyang, whose residents traditionally use and manage parts of the notified areas.
The council said the Nicobarese community had protected the islands and wildlife for generations through customary practices and traditional belief systems.
It further argued that the sanctuaries would interfere with long-standing rights over forests and coastal areas. They noted that these areas are used for rituals, plantations, collection of forest produce, construction of huts and canoes, harvesting medicinal plants and worship.
In November 2024, the council objected to draft Island Coastal Regulation Zone plans, demanding basic infrastructure, instead of proposed eco-tourism activities in the sanctuaries. The council demanded better public restrooms, jetties, water facilities, pathways, and mobile connectivity.
The Nicobar administration issued a clarification in May 2025, stating that the sanctuaries would not affect hunting rights available to Scheduled Tribes in the Nicobar Islands. The council, however, rejected the clarification, stating that their dependence on forests and coasts extended far beyond hunting activities.
Earlier this month, a Bench led by the Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court dismissed preliminary objections raised by the Union government against petitions challenging the diversion of forest land for the Great Nicobar project. The matter has now been listed for final hearing in June.
