History of Kashi can’t be confined to medieval period: Meenakshi Jain at Mangaluru Lit Fest
Mangaluru (Karnataka) (PTI): Renowned historian Meenakshi Jain on Saturday said the history of Kashi cannot be confined to the medieval period, asserting that references to the ancient city are found in the Upanishads and that its past is "etched on the very walls of its temples".
Speaking at an interactive session at the Mangaluru Lit Fest, Jain addressed questions surrounding ongoing debates over temple sites in Kashi and Mathura, saying popular narratives had long ignored historical evidence predating the 12th century AD.
"Kashi’s history is often traced only from the 12th century AD, which is incorrect. The city has existed since the Upanishadic period. Even during British rule, a detailed investigation was conducted when a lawsuit was filed in 1936 claiming the land belonged to the Waqf," she said.
According to Jain, British authorities interviewed 35 residents and compiled a report running into nearly 4,000 pages.
Speaking on Mathura, she said that of the 13.3 acres earmarked for the temple, three acres were allotted to the Idgah Maidan in 1968 by a national political party.
"For decades, it was not possible to write or speak openly about these issues. Before 2010, publishers were reluctant to take up books on Indian history," the Padma Shri awardee claimed, adding that she had "never imagined witnessing the Ram Mandir in Ayodhya in her lifetime."
Speaking on the theme ‘Reconnecting with Our Civilisational Heritage’, Jain attributed the survival of Indian civilisation to the faith and resilience of ordinary people rather than rulers.
She cited inscriptions from Sanchi, noting that most donations for religious structures came from common citizens—carpenters, cart-pullers and women—rather than kings.
"Our textbooks taught us that we were perpetually divided, that Hindus, Jains and Buddhists were in constant conflict. This narrative was shaped by the British policy of divide and rule," she claimed, adding that Indian history must be understood through indigenous perspectives.
The eighth edition of the two-day Mangaluru Lit Fest, organised by the Bharat Foundation, began on January 10 at the TMA Pai International Convention Centre.
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Air quality a nationwide crisis, govt response exceedingly ineffective:Cong
New Delhi (PTI): The Congress on Sunday cited a report to claim that air quality is a nation-wide, structural crisis for which the government response is "exceedingly ineffective and inadequate", as it demanded a thorough reform of the National Clear Air Programme.
Congress general secretary in-charge communications Jairam Ramesh said the NCAP propagated as the National Clear Air Programme is actually another type of NCAP - "Notional Clear Air Programme".
The former environment minister said a new analysis by the Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA) has now confirmed what was always India's "worst-kept secret that the air quality is a nation-wide, structural crisis for which the government response is exceedingly ineffective and inadequate".
Using satellite data, the study found that nearly 44 per cent of Indian cities that is 1,787 out of 4,041 statutory towns assessed have chronic air pollution, with annual PM2.5 levels consistently exceeding the national standard over five years (2019-2024, excluding 2020), Ramesh said in a statement.
Pointing out that the report also highlighted the ineffectiveness of the NCAP, the Congress leader said that despite the scale of the problem (1,787 towns), only 130 cities are covered under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP).
Of these 130 cities, 28 still lack continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations (CAAQMS), he claimed.
Among the 102 cities with monitoring infrastructure, 100 reported PM10 levels of 80 per cent or higher, Ramesh said, adding that in totality, NCAP currently addresses only 4 per cent of India's chronically polluted cities
NCAP, propagated as the National Clear Air Programme, is actually another type of NCAP--Notional Clear Air Programme, he said and asserted that it now needs a thorough overhaul and reform.
"The first step must be to acknowledge the public health crisis linked to air pollution across wide swathes of India. Consequently, given this crisis, we must revisit and totally revamp both the Air Pollution (Control and Prevention) Act of 1981 and the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) put into effect in November 2009," Ramesh said.
As per the NAAQS the permissible concentration of fine particulate matter is 60 ug/m3 for a 24-hour period, and 40 ug/m3 annually versus the guidelines of less than 15 ug/m3 for a 24-hour period and 5 ug/m3 annually set by the WHO, he pointed out.
Ramesh urged the government to drastically increase the funds made available under the NCAP.
"The current budget, inclusive of NCAP funding and the 15th Finance Commission's grants, is about Rs. 10,500 crore, spread across 131 cities! Our cities need at least 10-20 times more funding. NCAP must be made a Rs 25,000 crore programme and spread across the 1,000 most polluted towns in the country," he said.
The NCAP must adopt measurement of PM 2.5 levels as the yardstick for performance NCAP must reorient its focus to key sources of emissions -- burning of solid fuels, vehicular emissions, and industrial emissions, the former environment minister said.
"The NCAP must be given legal backing, an enforcement mechanism, and serious data monitoring capacity for every Indian city, beyond the current focus only on 'non- attainment' cities," he argued.
Ramesh asserted that air pollution norms for coal power plants must be enforced immediately.
All power plants must install a Fluoride Gas Desulfurizer (FGD) by the end of 2026, he said.
"The National Green Tribunal's independence must be restored, and the anti-people environmental law amendments of the last 10 years must be rolled back," Ramesh said.
"Twice so far in Parliament -- first on 29th July 2024 and then on 9th December 2025 -- the Modi Government has tried to downplay the health impact of air pollution. The Modi Government is not blind to the truth, it is only attempting to cover up the scale of its incompetence and negligence," the Congress leader alleged.
