India lost nearly 166 tigers in 2025, majority deaths outside protected areas says NTCA report
Hubballi: India lost nearly 166 tigers in 2025, the second-highest toll recorded in the past five years, with around 60% of the deaths occurring outside protected areas, according to data compiled by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
Madhya Pradesh, which has the country’s highest tiger population at 785, reported the maximum number of deaths at 55. It was followed by Maharashtra with 38 deaths, Karnataka 15, Kerala 13 and Assam 12. As per the 2022 All-India Tiger Estimation, Karnataka had 563 tigers, Uttarakhand 560 and Maharashtra 444.
Officials and experts attribute the rising number of deaths to shrinking habitats and an expanding tiger population, which has led to several reserves reaching saturation levels. NTCA data indicates that nearly 70% of the deaths were due to natural causes, primarily territorial fights among tigers.
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Deccan Herald reported that wildlife experts have also raised concerns over the increasing use of electric fencing across the country, which has resulted in fatalities not only among tigers but also elephants, leopards and other wildlife. However, they point out that tiger mortality of less than 5% of the overall population is not considered alarming, especially given India’s high tiger numbers.
Qamar Qureshi, former nodal officer with the Wildlife Institute of India-NTCA Tiger Cell, said the mortality figures do not indicate a crisis. “Due to lack of space, many tigers are dispersing outside protected areas, which lead to accidental deaths of both humans and tigers. However, the numbers are not alarming. India has an excellent reporting mechanism, which ensures that every death is recorded. Unnatural tiger deaths have come down drastically,” he said.
In a significant shift, the NTCA has begun recording tiger cub deaths as well. While such deaths were earlier excluded due to high natural mortality rates among cubs, the authority reported 31 cub deaths in 2025.
India was home to at least 3,682 tigers as per the 2022 census and the country recorded its highest tiger mortality in 2023 with 182 deaths, followed by 166 in 2025, about 40 more than the previous year.
Karnataka reported three incidents of unnatural tiger deaths in 2025, resulting in the loss of three adult tigers and four cubs. Eight other tigers died due to natural causes. Officials clarified that this figure does not include five cubs that died after being shifted to a rehabilitation centre following rescue operations.
Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (Wildlife) P C Ray said perceptions around tiger deaths often ignore population dynamics. “Counting cub deaths along with adult tiger mortality does not give a correct picture. The birth and survival rates in Karnataka are much higher than the mortality rate. Most female tigers are giving birth to three to five cubs a season due to better protection and food availability. Even with a 50% survival rate, the tiger population in the state remains substantial,” he said.
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MP HC sets up judicial commission to probe water contamination in Indore
Indore (PTI): The Indore bench of Madhya Pradesh High Court on Tuesday set up a commission of inquiry comprising a former HC judge to probe the issue of water contamination in city's Bhagirathpura, saying the matter requires probe by an independent, credible authority and "urgent judicial scrutiny".
It also directed the commission to submit an interim report after four weeks from the date of commencement of proceedings.
A division bench of Justices Vijay Kumar Shukla and Alok Awasthi constituted the commission while hearing several public interest litigations (PILs) filed simultaneously regarding the deaths of several people in Bhagirathpura due to the consumption of contaminated water.
The HC reserved the order after hearing all the parties during the day, and released it late at night.
The state government on Tuesday told the HC that the deaths of 16 people in Indore's Bhagirathpura area was possibly linked to a month-long outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea caused by contaminated drinking water.
The government presented an audit report of 23 deaths from the current gastroenteritis epidemic in Bhagirathpura before the bench, suggesting that 16 of these fatalities may have been linked to the outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea caused by contaminated drinking water.
The report, prepared by a committee of five experts from the city's Government Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, stated that the deaths of four people in Bhagirathpura were unrelated to the outbreak, while no conclusion could be reached regarding the cause of death of three other people in the area.
During the hearing, the high court sought to know from the state government the scientific basis behind its report.
The division bench also expressed surprise at the state government's use of the term "verbal autopsy" in relation to the report, sarcastically stating that it had heard the term for the first time.
The HC expressed concern over the Bhagirathpura case, stating that the situation was "alarming," and noted that cases of people falling ill due to contaminated drinking water have also been reported in Mhow, near Indore.
In its order, the HC said the serious issue concerning contamination of the drinking water supply in Bhagirathpura area allegedly resulted in widespread health hazards to residents, including children and elderly persons.
According to the petitioners and media reports, death toll is about 30 till today, but the report depicts only 16 without any basis or record, it said.
It is averred that sewage mixing, leakage in the pipeline, and failure of civic authorities to maintain potable water standards have led to the outbreak of water-borne diseases. Photographs, medical reports, and complaints submitted to the authorities prima facie indicate a matter requiring urgent judicial scrutiny, the HC said.
"Considering the gravity of the allegation and affecting the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India and the need for an independent fact-finding exercise, the Court is of the opinion that the matter requires investigation by an independent, credible authority," it said.
"Accordingly, we appoint Justice Sushil Kumar Gupta, former judge of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, a one-man commission of inquiry into the issues relating to water contamination in Bhagirathpura, Indore, and its impact on other areas of the city," the HC added.
As per the order, the commission shall inquire into and submit a report on the cause of contamination -- whether the drinking water supplied to Bhagirathpura was contaminated; and the source and nature of contamination (sewage ingress, industrial discharge, pipeline damage etc).
The panel will also probe the number of actual deaths of affected residents on account of contaminated water; find out the nature of disease reported and adequacy of medical response and preventive measures; suggest immediate steps required to ensure safe drinking water as well as long-term infrastructural and monitoring reforms.
It will also identify and fix responsibility upon the officers and officials found prima facie responsible for the Bhagirathpura water contamination incident, and suggest guidelines for compensation to affected residents, particularly vulnerable sections.
The commission shall have powers of a civil court for the purpose of summoning officials and witnesses; calling up records from the government department, hospitals, laboratories and civic bodies; ordering water quality testing through accredited laboratories; conducting spot inspections.
All state authorities involving district administration, Indore Municipal Corporation, public health engineering department and Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board shall extend full co-operation and provide records as sought by the commission, it said.
The state government shall provide office space, staff, and logistical support to the commission, it said.
During the hearing in the day, the state government also presented a status report to the court in this matter.
According to reports, a total of 454 patients were admitted to local hospitals during the vomiting and diarrhea outbreak, of whom 441 have been discharged after treatment, and 11 are currently hospitalised.
According to officials, due to a leak in the municipal drinking water pipeline in Bhagirathpura, sewage from a toilet was also mixed in the water.
