Previously unseen star formation in Milky Way detected in new study
Bengaluru, July 23: An international team of astronomers has carried out an extensive new survey of the Milky Way, revealing previously unseen signatures with unprecedented sensitivity and details that hint at how stars form and die, complex processes that have fascinated researchers for centuries.
The results were published in a series of papers in 'Astronomy & Astrophysics' by the team, which includes scientists from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST).
(Photo: Brunthaler et al., Sophia Dagnello, NRAO/AUI/NSF)GLOSTAR image, using data from both the VLA and the Effelsberg radio telescope, shows a segment of the Milky Way's disk, revealing previously unseen tracers of massive star formation. Some of these features are identified in this version of the image.
The data for the survey, which spanned a large part of the Milky Way, was gathered using two powerful radio telescopes: the Karl G Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory, USA, and theEffelsberg100-m radio telescope operated by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy Germany, as part of the GLOSTAR (Global View on Star formation in the Milky Way) project.
Nirupam Roy, Assistant Professor at the Department of Physics and Rohit Dokara, his former undergraduate student from IISc, as well as Jagadheep D Pandian, Associate Professor at the Department of Earth and Space Sciences in IIST are among the Indian scientists who are part of the GLOSTAR project, Bengaluru-based IISc said in a statement on Friday.
Dokara, now a PhD student at MPIfR, is the first author on one of the papers that reports the detection of new supernova remnants (SNRs) structures born from the explosive death of massive stars in our galaxy.
Previous surveys have detected only about one-third of the expected number of SNRs in the Milky Way (which is nearly 1000), according to the statement.
The GLOSTAR team has now discovered 80 new SNR candidates in the VLA data alone,with more expected to be identified from the combined Effelsberg and VLA data.
They were also able to confirm the presence of 77 previously discovered SNR candidates and reclassify a few that were misidentified.
This is impressive, considering that the northern telescopes utilised by GLOSTAR are able to see only half of the inner regions of the Milky Way, it said.
"This is an important step to solve this long-standing mystery of the missing supernova remnants," said Dokara.
The researchers were also able to detect other traces of star formation.
One of them, for example, is radio emission from methanol molecules in a nearby large star-forming complex 'Cygnus X.'
These are typically emitted from massive stars in very early stages of formation.
The team was also able to detect dense pockets of ionised hydrogen, another tell-tale sign of the presence of massive young stars.
Young stars are usually surrounded by thick clouds of dust and gas.
"Because visible light gets absorbed in this dense cloud around stars, most of the optical telescopes dont reveal much.
What people look for, instead, are radio emissions," explained Roy, who has previously worked at both NRAO and MPIfR.
"Since the GLOSTAR survey detects a wide range of radio emission such as that from methanol molecules to ionised hydrogen, it is able to probe the formation of massive stars from very early to relatively late stages, which is important to get a complete picture of star formation in the Milky Way," added Pandian, who has also previously worked at MPIfR.
The Effelsberg radio telescope is a single large dish spanning 100 m in diameter, capable of detecting large-scale structures, whereas the VLA is a collection of small antennas which work together as an interferometer to capture the details at high resolution.
The data pooled from both telescopes helped the researchers paint a more comprehensive picture of different astrophysical objects in the region.
"This clearly demonstrates that the Effelsberg telescope is still very crucial, even after 50 years of operation," said Andreas Brunthaler of MPIfR, project leader and first author of the survey's overview paper.
Karl Menten, the Director of MPIfR, who initiated GLOSTAR, added: "Its great to see the beautiful science resulting from two of our favourite radio telescopes joining forces."
Both Pandian and Roy currently maintain Max Planck-India Partner Groups with Menten to continue the close collaboration and, in particular, to expand the scope of the GLOSTAR project.
Other members of the research team include scientists from MPIfR and NRAO, and collaborators from institutions in the UK, South Africa, Mexico, France and Australia.
With observations and analysis ongoing, more results are expected to be published over time, it was stated.
New extensive survey of #MilkyWay using powerful radio telescopes reveals previously unseen details that hint at how stars form and die. The team includes researchers from IISc, @IIST_Trivandrum, MPIfR, @TheNRAO & other collaborators.https://t.co/URLPyRrckg pic.twitter.com/plwYKLiPr2
— IISc Bangalore (@iiscbangalore) July 23, 2021
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MP HC sets up judicial commission to probe water contamination in Indore
Indore (PTI): The Indore bench of Madhya Pradesh High Court on Tuesday set up a commission of inquiry comprising a former HC judge to probe the issue of water contamination in city's Bhagirathpura, saying the matter requires probe by an independent, credible authority and "urgent judicial scrutiny".
It also directed the commission to submit an interim report after four weeks from the date of commencement of proceedings.
A division bench of Justices Vijay Kumar Shukla and Alok Awasthi constituted the commission while hearing several public interest litigations (PILs) filed simultaneously regarding the deaths of several people in Bhagirathpura due to the consumption of contaminated water.
The HC reserved the order after hearing all the parties during the day, and released it late at night.
The state government on Tuesday told the HC that the deaths of 16 people in Indore's Bhagirathpura area was possibly linked to a month-long outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea caused by contaminated drinking water.
The government presented an audit report of 23 deaths from the current gastroenteritis epidemic in Bhagirathpura before the bench, suggesting that 16 of these fatalities may have been linked to the outbreak of vomiting and diarrhoea caused by contaminated drinking water.
The report, prepared by a committee of five experts from the city's Government Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, stated that the deaths of four people in Bhagirathpura were unrelated to the outbreak, while no conclusion could be reached regarding the cause of death of three other people in the area.
During the hearing, the high court sought to know from the state government the scientific basis behind its report.
The division bench also expressed surprise at the state government's use of the term "verbal autopsy" in relation to the report, sarcastically stating that it had heard the term for the first time.
The HC expressed concern over the Bhagirathpura case, stating that the situation was "alarming," and noted that cases of people falling ill due to contaminated drinking water have also been reported in Mhow, near Indore.
In its order, the HC said the serious issue concerning contamination of the drinking water supply in Bhagirathpura area allegedly resulted in widespread health hazards to residents, including children and elderly persons.
According to the petitioners and media reports, death toll is about 30 till today, but the report depicts only 16 without any basis or record, it said.
It is averred that sewage mixing, leakage in the pipeline, and failure of civic authorities to maintain potable water standards have led to the outbreak of water-borne diseases. Photographs, medical reports, and complaints submitted to the authorities prima facie indicate a matter requiring urgent judicial scrutiny, the HC said.
"Considering the gravity of the allegation and affecting the right to life under Article 21 of the Constitution of India and the need for an independent fact-finding exercise, the Court is of the opinion that the matter requires investigation by an independent, credible authority," it said.
"Accordingly, we appoint Justice Sushil Kumar Gupta, former judge of the Madhya Pradesh High Court, a one-man commission of inquiry into the issues relating to water contamination in Bhagirathpura, Indore, and its impact on other areas of the city," the HC added.
As per the order, the commission shall inquire into and submit a report on the cause of contamination -- whether the drinking water supplied to Bhagirathpura was contaminated; and the source and nature of contamination (sewage ingress, industrial discharge, pipeline damage etc).
The panel will also probe the number of actual deaths of affected residents on account of contaminated water; find out the nature of disease reported and adequacy of medical response and preventive measures; suggest immediate steps required to ensure safe drinking water as well as long-term infrastructural and monitoring reforms.
It will also identify and fix responsibility upon the officers and officials found prima facie responsible for the Bhagirathpura water contamination incident, and suggest guidelines for compensation to affected residents, particularly vulnerable sections.
The commission shall have powers of a civil court for the purpose of summoning officials and witnesses; calling up records from the government department, hospitals, laboratories and civic bodies; ordering water quality testing through accredited laboratories; conducting spot inspections.
All state authorities involving district administration, Indore Municipal Corporation, public health engineering department and Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board shall extend full co-operation and provide records as sought by the commission, it said.
The state government shall provide office space, staff, and logistical support to the commission, it said.
During the hearing in the day, the state government also presented a status report to the court in this matter.
According to reports, a total of 454 patients were admitted to local hospitals during the vomiting and diarrhea outbreak, of whom 441 have been discharged after treatment, and 11 are currently hospitalised.
According to officials, due to a leak in the municipal drinking water pipeline in Bhagirathpura, sewage from a toilet was also mixed in the water.
