Scientists decode possible origin of human speech
New York, July 23: Researchers have discovered neural circuits in the brains of rhesus macaque monkeys that could represent a common origin for social communication, including human speech.
The findings showed that these circuits are involved in face recognition, facial expression and emotion and they may very well have given rise to our singular capacity for speech.
The team, from the Rockefeller University in New York City, used a novel experimental setup to take MRI scans of the brains of monkeys as they watched video clips of other monkeys making communicative facial expressions.
When the monkeys in the clips made a friendly lip-smacking gesture, the subject monkeys responded in kind -- but only when their pre-recorded peers appeared to be making direct eye contact with them.
Besides, the face-perception regions of the monkeys' brains that simply feed information to a region associated with emotion did not shuttle information to one another in straightforward, sequential fashion, said Winrich Freiwald, scientists at the varsity.
The videos that simulated social interaction through direct eye contact caused an unexpected third neural circuit to light up.
This suggests that specific areas of the animals' brains are sensitive to social context, and perform the specialised cognitive functions necessary for social communication.
Generating a friendly lipsmack, in particular, activated a region that resembles Broca's area -- a portion of the human brain concerned with the production of speech.
This suggests that monkey facial expressions like lipsmacks might be evolutionary precursors to human speech -- a possibility that some scientists had previously discounted on the grounds that such gestures were too simple or reflexive to pave the way for something as subtle and sophisticated as human verbal communication, Freiwald explained, in the paper reported in the journal Neuron.
Currently, the researchers are measuring the electrical activity in individual neurons in all three of the networks revealed in the scans.
"Understanding this in monkeys will help us understand communication in humans, where things are so much more complicated," says Freiwald, who describes the findings as "an important building block" in the quest to understand our species' unique way with words.
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Coach attendant returns passenger's bag containing cash, jewellery at New Delhi Railway Station
New Delhi, Apr 10 (PTI): Displaying remarkable integrity, a coach attendant of Sampoorna Kranti Express train found and returned a bag containing cash and jewellery to a passenger, who had mistakenly left it on his seat, the Railway Ministry on Thursday said.
“When the train, which runs between Rajendra Nagar (Bihar) and New Delhi, reached the New Delhi Station, coach attendant Randhir Kumar Singh found a bag full of cash and jewellery,” said Dilip Kumar, Executive Director, Information and Publicity, Railway Board.
Without compromising with his integrity, Singh immediately informed the train ticket examiner (TTE) about the unclaimed bag, he added.
The railway officials said the TTE also acted promptly and searching through the coach chart found out the names and number of passengers, who were sitting near seat number 17/18 in B-4 coach where the bag was found.
“One of the passengers who emerged as the claimant of the bag was Rajan Pathak. Pathak said that he boarded the train from Mirzapur and since there were many family members travelling together, they didn't know who carried which bag,” Kumar said.
“In such a scenario, the bag full of valuables was left at the seat. Pathak returned to the station midway and met the station officials to claim his bag,” he added.
According to station officials, they verified Pathak’s claim to be the owner by asking details of the bag and items that it contained.
After satisfying themselves that Pathak is the actual owner, they handed over the bag to him.
“Rajan Pathak is a priest from Vindhyachal Dham. He appreciated the honesty of the coach attendant and thanked the railways for wonderful service,” Kumar said.
