Health ministry issues interdepartmental referral guidelines for hospitals
New Delhi (PTI): Citing significant inconsistencies and lack of accountability in the referral process, the Union Health Ministry has for the first time issued interdepartmental referral guidelines for hospitals to facilitate better communication and cooperation.
The 'Guidelines for Inter-Departmental Referral (within hospitals)' stress that referrals should be initiated promptly as and when patients require specialised care, diagnostic evaluations or consultations beyond scope of admitting department.
The referral for a consultant's opinion should only be written by consultants and that post graduate residents should not close referrals on their own without discussing with their consultants, the guidelines released on June 7 stated.
Consultant on call should review the referral record attended to by his team the previous day, a step which will help improve patient care and enhance learning of residents.
The referral process is a crucial component of high-quality patient care in any medical institution, Director General of Health Services, Union Health Ministry, Dr Atul Goel said in the document.
Problems such as poor coordination and communication, unclear procedures, non-standardised formats, and inadequate training for healthcare professionals are common and they ultimately can potentially harm a patient, Dr Goel said.
The roles of various professional levels are often undefined, resulting in gaps in patient care, he stated highlighting many patients who visit hospitals have multiple co-morbidities and need a multi-disciplinary approach.
The document said a robust and efficient referral mechanism should be an essential part of training of residents as well. After residency as they enter a healthcare setup to practice, this training will be very useful for them.
However, problems can arise in any inter-departmental referral process, including --delays in processing/attending of referrals, breakdown in communication, and variations in referral practices across departments, it said.
To address these challenges, hospitals must implement standardised referral protocols, streamline referral work flows, and provide education and training to healthcare providers and staff involved in the referral process.
"Currently, with no clear guidelines in place, it has been observed that there exist heterogeneous referral mechanisms. Every department and individual have their own way of sending and attending referrals. The documentation is also variable and inconsistent.
"There are delays in attending to referrals which can affect patient care adversely. Mostly junior residents (first or second-year post-graduates) see referrals where higher order inputs may actually be required. There are conflicts between departments regarding referrals which are mostly rooted in lack of communication," the document stated.
The guidelines stated that departments can prepare a roster with names of officers in various units with contact numbers and availability of units on different days, time; place where referral needs to be sent.
This should be available on website as well as circulated within the institution.
The referral should help patient management without burdening the referring department with a huge list of investigations. Any investigation by the referral team should be completely justified from the diagnosis offered, the guidelines said.
Among the Do's, the guidelines said referrals should be documented accurately and comprehensively, including relevant clinical information, expected outcome from referral, patient preferences, and any other specific instructions.
"Communicate clearly and effectively with receiving departments, providing necessary clinical information and patient context to facilitate appropriate evaluation and management," it said.
The guidelines emphasised following up on referrals and coordinating care transitions, ensuring that patients receive necessary follow-up appointments, treatments, and interventions.
It also calls for seeking feedback from referring providers and receiving departments to identify areas for improvement and enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the referral process and prioritising patient-centred care, considering patients' preferences, values, and treatment goals in referral process and treatment planning.
Among the dont's, the guidelines said not to delay referrals unnecessarily as this may compromise patient care and lead to adverse outcomes.
"Don't omit essential clinical information or documentation when initiating referrals as this may impede the receiving department's ability to provide appropriate care. Don't assume that all referrals are routine or non-urgent; carefully assess each patient's clinical presentation and urgency to determine appropriate level of prioritisation," the guidelines said.
"Don't hesitate to escalate urgent referrals or seek assistance from senior colleagues or hospital administrators if there are delays or barriers to timely referral processing," it said.
The document stated that special situations may arise during follow-up of referrals that require particular attention and handling for example if a referral is denied or rejected by the specialist or receiving department, the reasons for such denial to the referring department with alternative options for care should be communicated.
If the patient fails to attend the scheduled referral or is not on bed, patient/treating team should be followed up to determine reasons for non-attendance and address any barriers or concerns, it added.
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Over 85% of billionaires in India belong to upper castes
New Delhi: More than 85 percent of India's billionaire wealth is concentrated among upper caste communities, showcasing the pervasive influence of caste on economic status. According to additional data shared with Business Standard by researchers from the World Inequality Lab, upper castes held 88.4 percent of billionaire wealth in 2022, compared to 2.6 percent held by people from scheduled castes (SCs).
Other backward classes (OBCs) accounted for 9 percent of billionaire wealth, while there were no billionaires from scheduled tribes (STs). The data, derived from the study "Towards Tax Justice and Wealth Redistribution in India: Proposals Based On Latest Inequality Estimates”, involved manual coding and the 'Outkast' algorithm to determine the caste composition of billionaires.
The study, authored by Nitin Kumar Bharti (New York University), Lucas Chancel (Harvard Kennedy School), Thomas Piketty, and Anmol Somanchi (Paris School of Economics), indicates a decline in wealth among OBC billionaires and an increase for those from upper castes. This shift is attributed to the fact that most new billionaires in recent years have been from upper castes, according to Somanchi.
Caste continues to shape access to education, health, social networks, and credit, which are crucial for entrepreneurship and wealth generation. Historically, Dalits were prohibited from owning land in many regions, limiting their economic progress.
The disparity is not limited to billionaires. The “State of Working India, 2023” a report by Azim Premji University shows that SCs and STs are underrepresented as enterprise owners relative to their workforce participation. While SCs constitute 19.3 percent of the workforce, only 11.4 percent own enterprises. For STs, who make up 10.1 percent of the workforce, only 5.4 percent own enterprises.
Wealth inequality extends beyond the billionaire list. According to the National Family Health Survey, only 12.3 percent of SCs and 5.4 percent of STs are in the highest wealth quintile. Conversely, more than 25 percent of SCs and 46.3 percent of STs fall into the lowest wealth category. The OBC community has 16.3 percent of its population in the lowest wealth category and 19.2 percent in the highest wealth category.
