New NCERT Class 7 textbook traces algebra, integers, other concepts to ancient India: Report
New Delhi: The newly released Class 7 mathematics textbook by the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) attributes several mathematical concepts, including algebra, to Indian mathematicians, The Indian Express reported on Friday.
The book, titled Ganita Prakash, is the second part of NCERT’s revised Class 7 mathematics series. Part 1, released earlier this year, also highlighted India’s historical contributions to mathematics. The latest volume draws on examples from Sanskrit texts, includes exercises inspired by the works of ancient Indian mathematicians, and discusses about an ancient Indian text on geometry.
A chapter on integers, for example, points to mathematician Brahmagupta’s 7th-century CE text Brahmasphutasiddhanta as being the “first time that rules for multiplication and division of positive and negative numbers were articulated”. It describes this “an important step in the development of arithmetic and algebra” and includes problems based on Brahmagupta’s principles. The textbook mentions that Indian contributions to algebra are among the earliest known work in the field.
Another chapter, devoted to algebraic equations, introduces the concept of bijaganita, now known as algebra, and explains that forming expressions with symbols and solving them was a key aspect of mathematical exploration in ancient India. The chapter refers to Brahmagupta’s work on adding, subtracting and multiplying unknown numbers using letters, saying this is among the earliest known works in algebra, the report added.
Tracing the evolution of algebra, the textbook says Indian mathematical ideas were translated into Arabic in the 8th century, influencing scholars such as Al-Khwarizmi of present-day Iraq. His 9th-century work, Hisab al-jabr wal-muqabala (“calculation by restoring and balancing”), incorporated these ideas. By the 12th century, the text had been translated into Latin and reached Europe. “The word al-jabr from his book gave us the word algebra, which we also still use today,” it says.
NCERT Director Dinesh Prasad Saklani said the inclusion of such material aims to help students learn “correct history” and move away from “skewed” colonial interpretations.
Commenting on the historical context, Dhruv Raina, historian and philosopher of science, sais that Arab scholars were “profoundly influenced” by Indian mathematicians, especially Brahmagupta. “They improvised upon these methods to create what we consider algebra today. The Arab mathematicians were great synthesisers and innovators with the knowledge they acquired from ancient Greek, Indian and Chinese traditions,” TIE quoted Raina as saying.
The earlier Class 7 textbook contained no references to ancient Indian mathematicians. The new edition is part of NCERT’s move to align school curricula with the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the National Curriculum Framework.
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Oracle lays off around 12,000 employees in India, another round likely within a month
New Delhi (PTI): US-based IT firm Oracle is believed to have laid off approximately 12,000 staff in India, with another round of layoffs expected within a month, impacted employees said on Tuesday.
Globally, the company has fired around 30,000 employees.
"In India, around 12,000 employees have been laid off. The company is planning another mass layoff within a month," said two people impacted by the retrenchment, including one from the company's human resource department.
The company has approximately 30,000 employees in India, including those affected by the layoffs.
Oracle declined to comment on the development.
Oracle, in an email sent to staff, said the employees were informed about certain organisational changes and "because of these changes, a decision has been taken to streamline the operations, and as a result, unfortunately, the position you currently hold will become redundant".
The company has offered 15 days' salary to each employee who has completed a year of service in India, in addition to one month of unpaid wages till termination date, leave encashment, gratuity based on eligibility and pay for a one-month notice period.
Oracle has also offered a two-month salary as a top-up.
However, the severance package is available for those who voluntarily and amicably resign from the company.
An ex-employee of Oracle, Merugu Sridhar, said that he was laid off in September for protesting against the 16-hour work shift that the company has in India.
"I contacted my friends and those who are in human resources. They shared that most of the Indians working in the US with the company have been impacted because the local laws there are very strict when it comes to the retrenchment of their citizens," Sridhar said.
