Was Corona Vaccination Evidence-Based?
Part-1
New Delhi: A few weeks ago, AstraZeneca, the company that developed the ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 [recombinant] vaccine, 175 crore doses of which were given in India under the name Covishield, admitted in a London court that its vaccine could have caused blood clots, heart attacks, and strokes, and later, on May 5, 2024, said it was withdrawing that vaccine. People who have lost their loved ones due to side effects or who have suffered serious or permanent disabilities are filing lawsuits against the makers of COVID vaccine companies in many parts of the world seeking compensation. Such cases have also been filed in India in the past and the statement by AstraZeneca has added new momentum to these complaints.
As the company acknowledged the serious consequences of the vaccine, the anxiety, suspicion and anger of those who had received the vaccine have increased further. While the government that gave the vaccine and the company that produced and sold it have remained silent, the doctors who supported and encouraged the vaccination are now struggling to offer justifications.
Was COVID-19 the worst, deadliest infection ever? Could the highly contagious corona virus have been prevented by a vaccine? Was it appropriate to vaccinate while the Corona infection was rapidly spreading? Was it necessary to vaccinate even those who had already been infected with the new Coronavirus? Was it necessary to vaccinate young and healthy adults? Was there clear evidence about the safety of new corona vaccines?
If the answer to all these questions is ‘yes’ then it was right to give the vaccine, if the answer is ‘no’ then the vaccine should not have been given.
Was COVID-19 the worst, deadliest disease? No, and that was known in January 2020 itself, within two months of the spread of SARS CoV2 virus. It was by then estimated that the risk of death from the new corona infection could be 3 to 20 per million among those under the age of 50, and more than 60 per million for those over 50 (this estimate was so accurate that deaths from COVID in 38 countries before the vaccines were introduced were less than a third of this initial estimate!). Only on the basis of such estimates some of us had argued that young adults did not need any vaccine at all as the chances of serious problems from corona infection were expected to be very low in that age group. But ignoring all the evidence, everyone from children to the elderly was given the vaccine. Covishield and Covaxin were given to those above adolescence, and Corbevax vaccine, which was not used elsewhere, was given emergency use authorisation for vaccinating younger children.
Instead of answering whether a vaccine could prevent the transmission of coronavirus, which easily spreads from one to six people through inhalation, many new narratives were created. Initial reports claimed that the Corona vaccines are 78 percent effective against symptomatic infection, 86 percent against hospital and ICU admissions, and 87-100 percent against death. But as days rolled by, these positions changed, and it was stated that the vaccines cannot be guaranteed to prevent infection, and more new vaccines may be needed as new variants evolve. In the same breath, it was also stated On the back of that, the vaccine will prevent the spread of corona, it was continued to be said that everyone should be vaccinated, and this was escalated further to the extent that the media and else started campaigning that those who were not vaccinated would endanger the entire community, children who could not be vaccinated would be a danger to teachers, so schools should be closed, those who were not vaccinated should not travel anywhere, should not be allowed to enter anywhere, not even to go to playgrounds, schools, or even hospitals, not work as nurses, in general, it was portrayed as though the unvaccinated were sociopaths, had no right to live, and were ostracised, fired from jobs, even arrested. In India, within days of the vaccination drive for the public from April 2021, instead of decreasing, the spread of Corona started to rise again, hitting as the second wave, proving the futility of vaccination as a measure to control transmission of SARS CoV2.
Was it appropriate to vaccinate while the Corona epidemic was spreading rapidly? It was for the first time in human history that a vaccine for a highly contagious, minimally harmful coronavirus was developed in haste, and given to everyone while the infection was spreading, even though it was not guaranteed to prevent infection. It is not easy to understand the logic behind the grand plan to vaccinate hundreds of crores of people with two doses of vaccine to prevent an infection that spreads easily to one to six people from an infected person! Whatever, the virus infected everyone much faster than the vaccine, and even for the already infected individuals, the vaccine was also injected!
It is common knowledge that infection with any virus, including Corona, confers lifelong immunity. In India, by December 2020 the central government had said that 40 percent of the people had been infected with Corona, and the Hon'ble Prime Minister had announced on January 18, 2021 that India had successfully won the war against Corona. If that was indeed the case, we asked, what was the need to vaccinate 40-60% of Indians who had developed immunity against infection? In natural infection, with the body being exposed to innumerable viral particles, strong immunity is produced against all 29 proteins of the virus, and antibodies are developed against not only its spike protein, but also against other proteins, whereas, following vaccination, our body gets exposed to a limited amount of selected viral particles, spike protein alone in the case of SARS CoV2, and develops limited immunity, that too unproven. Despite these facts, a new argument was floated all over, without any evidence, that the new Corona vaccines would provide stronger protection than the natural infection! Although it was clearly established that the vaccine did not prevent infection or provide better and longer immunity from the original strain or variants, or re-infection, even those who had recovered from the infection were pushed into vaccination even though it was clearly established that those already infected had good, long-term immunity and the chance of re-infection was very small.
By the time the Corona vaccine was available, a year's experience with Corona infection was available globally, including in India. By then it was clear that there were no complications in younger and healthy adults. Therefore, many of us opposed the plans to vaccinate all such people. In our country 85 percent of people, or 115 crore people, being below the age of 50, would not have needed this vaccination. Even among the remaining 20 crore people above that age, if 40 percent had already been infected and recovered, vaccination would not have been necessary. Excluding these, only about 12 crore people above the age of 50, and those above 35 years of age with problems such as obesity, diabetes, heart disease etc. would have required the vaccination, if at all. We also filed a public interest petition in the state high court questioning the statement of the then higher education minister Ashwathanarayan that students who had not been vaccinated could not come to college from June 2021. But the government did not consider any of these, and most of the doctors also mocked and opposed.
There was no clear evidence that the new corona vaccines were safe. After the new coronavirus was identified in December 2019, the viral genome sequence was identified and published by Chinese scientists on January 12, 2020. Immediately thereafter the race for making a vaccine against it also began, and many types of vaccines were prepared using technologies that had not been used until then. According to the US CDC, it takes at least 10-15 years for a vaccine to be developed, tested in three phases, approved and put into use. But the new corona vaccines were developed in just six months, tested in just a couple of months, without much studies on safety and long-term side effects, and were given emergency use authorizations, all within one year.
The first vaccines from China and Russia arrived in July-August 2020. By the end of December 2020, the vaccine developed by Oxford University and AstraZeneca was approved by European countries, and vaccination soon started in countries like England and Denmark. Serum Institute of India, the largest vaccine manufacturer, obtained the licence from AstraZeneca to produce the same vaccine and offer it in India under the name of Covishield. India's own Bharat Biotech company developed its own vaccine (Covaxin) in collaboration with ICMR and went for approval. Our government, caught up in the vaccine race, hastily held meetings in early January 2021 and approved the emergency use of both of these vaccines even before reports of the studies done in our country were available.
When EUA was given to Covishield, reports of tests conducted in India hadn’t been published and the EUA was given on the basis of studies conducted in Britain, Brazil and Africa. For Covaxin, EUA was given in ‘clinical trial mode’, after only phase 2 trials, under the pretext of ‘the need for such a vaccine to control a British variant’, and the vaccine recipients were to be the subjects of its phase 3 trials!
The emergency use authorisation for these two vaccines was questioned and opposed by many experts, and the owners of those vaccine companies had a public spat. While Aadar Poonawala of Covishield pooh-poohed Covaxin, stating it was nothing more than water, Krishna Ella of Covaxin termed the studies on Covishield as poorly designed and stated that it had side effects in 60-70% of recipients! Senior vaccine scientist Dr. Gagandeep Kang declared her refusal to take either of these two vaccines, pointing out that reports of the trials conducted in India on Covishield hadn’t been published, nor any information was available on Covaxin. Senior virologist Dr. Jacob John declared that he won't take Covishield due to reported side effects. Senior immunologist Dr. Vineeta Bal termed it unethical and Hitlerian to start using vaccines without evidence of their ability to prevent infection. Senior virologist Dr. Shahid Jameel questioned the manner in which these vaccines were given authorisation. Dr. Soumya Swaminathan, chief scientist of the World Health Organization, said that universal use of vaccines couldn’t be allowed until the minimum standards of efficacy and safety were guaranteed. (I wrote all this in an article titled 'Is there an urgent need for a vaccine for a non-emergency corona infection?' published in Varthabharati on January 15, 2021). After a few months, most of them quietened down or changed their positions, even the fight between the vaccine makers went cold!
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Chhattisgarh Vedanta power plant blast: Death toll rises to 20; sixteen workers undergoing treatment
Sakti (Chhattisgarh) (PTI): The death toll in a blast at the Vedanta power plant in Chhattisgarh's Sakti district has mounted to 20 with seven more workers succumbing to injuries, while 16 others are undergoing treatment at different hospitals, officials said on Wednesday.
The deceased include six labourers from West Bengal, five from Chhattisgarh, three each from Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh, two from Bihar, and one from Madhya Pradesh.
The opposition Congress has demanded registration of an FIR against the plant management and a judicial inquiry into the incident.
The explosion occurred on Tuesday afternoon in a steel tube carrying high-pressure steam from the boiler to the turbine at the Vedanta Ltd power plant located in Singhitarai village, leaving several workers with severe burn injuries.
According to officials, four workers died on the spot, while nine others succumbed to injuries soon after the incident.
Seven more workers have died in hospitals, raising the toll to 20, Sakti Collector Amrit Vikas Topno told PTI on Wednesday.
He said that a total of 36 workers were affected in the blast, and 20 of them died.
"Of the 16 injured workers, five are undergoing treatment in hospitals in Raipur, while 11 others are in hospitals of Raigarh, the neighbouring district of Sakti," he added.
Topno added that every possible effort was being made to provide the best medical treatment to the injured.
The deceased were identified, and their family members are being contacted. Arrangements have been made to transport the mortal remains to their native villages via ambulance following the postmortem examination and to provide immediate financial assistance, he said.
Chief Minister Vishnu Deo Sai has announced a compensation of Rs 5 lakh to the families of each deceased worker and Rs 50,000 for those injured.
Vedanta Power has also announced a Rs 35 lakh compensation for the family of each deceased worker, along with employment support.
The company will also provide Rs 15 lakh to each injured person, ensure salary continuation until recovery, and offer counselling support, a statement from the plant management said.
The chief minister has ordered an inquiry by the Commissioner of the Bilaspur division, assuring strict action against the guilty.
He directed officials to ensure free and proper medical treatment for all injured and emphasised that no negligence in their care would be tolerated.
The district administration has also ordered a separate magisterial probe, while the company has initiated its own internal investigation.
Collector Topno has appointed the Sub-Divisional Magistrate (SDM) of Dabhra to conduct the magisterial inquiry.
The SDM has been asked to submit a report within 30 days covering key aspects, including the cause of the accident, whether it was due to technical or human error, and details of safety inspections carried out at the plant.
Meanwhile, the opposition Congress has demanded registration of an FIR against the plant management and a judicial inquiry into the incident.
State Congress communication wing head Sushil Anand Shukla on Wednesday alleged negligence on the plant management's part and accused the government of attempting to shield those responsible.
He also demanded compensation of Rs 1 crore for the families of the deceased and Rs 50 lakh for the injured.
The construction of a 1,200 MW coal-based thermal power project (two units of 600 MW each) in Singhitarai, originally owned by Athena Chhattisgarh Power Ltd, started in 2009, but remained stalled between 2016 and 2022.
Vedanta acquired the plant in 2022, after which a 600 MW unit was completed and commissioned in August last year, while the second unit is still under construction.
The deceased have been identified as Amrit Lal Patel, Thanda Ram Lahre, Udhab Singh Yadav, Rameshwar Mahilange, and Nadeem Ansari (all from Chhattisgarh); Susanta Jana, Sheikh Saifuddin, Manas Giri, Kailash Mahto, Shibnath Murmu, and Dipankar Singh (West Bengal), Tarun Kumar Ojha, Abdul Karim and Ashok Parhiya (Jharkhand), Raju Ram, Pappu Kumar and Brijesh Kumar (Uttar Pradesh), Aakib Khan and Ritesh Kumar (Bihar), and Chitranjan Dhulai of Madhya Pradesh, officials said.
