Why Such High Representation of Dalits and Muslims in Karnataka Prisons?
A report by Vartha Bharati Kannada News
Several studies, investigations, and research have shown that Muslims in India lag behind other communities in employment, education, industry, and business. In many key sectors, the representation of Indian Muslims has alarmingly declined. However, in some areas, they are significantly ahead of others—for example, in prisons.
The Indian government released the "Prison Statistics of India" report up to December 2021, which categorizes prison inmates into four groups:
1. Individuals convicted and sentenced by the court.
2. Under-trial prisoners awaiting judgment.
3. Individuals detained for various reasons.
4. Those who do not fall into the above three categories but are still in custody, though their numbers are minimal.
According to the report, 30% of the inmates in Indian prisons are Muslims. This means the Muslim population in prisons is twice their proportion in the country's total population.
While this is the situation at the national level, the scenario in Karnataka is equally concerning. A joint study conducted in 2022 by the Karnataka State Legal Services Authority (KSLSA) and the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI) revealed that 22.3% of under-trial prisoners in Karnataka are Muslims. This indicates that the representation of Muslims in prisons is disproportionately high compared to their population in the state. Whether they are guilty or innocent, the fact that people from any community are languishing in prisons for years without a verdict is a matter of serious concern and requires immediate attention from society and the government. If minority communities are suffering disproportionately as under-trial prisoners, the ministers, departments, and corporations responsible for minority welfare must take special responsibility. The concerned departments must urgently address this issue.
In 2015, the Karnataka State Minority Commission (KSMC) had proposed measures to assist under-trial prisoners from economically weaker minority communities in various state prisons. The then-chairperson of the commission, Balkis Banu, visited Parappana Agrahara Central Prison and inquired about the conditions of under-trial prisoners. Out of the 4,000 under-trial prisoners there, 2,017 belonged to minority communities. Most of them came from low-income backgrounds and could not afford legal aid. The commission considered forming an expert committee to assist such individuals. The committee also planned to focus on cases where prisoners had already spent more time in jail than the maximum sentence for the crimes they were accused of. Additionally, the commission aimed to provide educational support for the children of poor under-trial prisoners. As a first step, the commission proposed forming a committee to study the socio-economic conditions of under-trial prisoners.
In 2019, when G.A. Bawa was the chairperson of the Karnataka State Minority Commission, journalists asked him what steps the commission had taken to help under-trial prisoners from minority communities who were stuck in jail solely due to lack of financial resources. He responded, "After I became the chairperson, I visited the central prison in Bangalore. Among the under-trial prisoners, 30-35% belong to minority communities. Many of them are first-time offenders. The commission is in discussions with lawyers to provide legal aid. I have instructed prison officials to provide complete information on this matter. The commission is also in talks with some NGOs."
However, the outcomes of these discussions remain unclear. How many under-trial prisoners actually received legal aid? How many were granted bail? How many children of prisoners received educational support? These questions remain unanswered. Recently, there has been no significant progress on this issue.
The disproportionate representation of minorities and marginalized communities in prisons raises an important question: Is it due to a higher tendency for crime in these communities, or is it because of biases, prejudices, and lack of sensitivity in the police department, judiciary, and society at large, especially within the criminal justice system? This is a significant question that warrants serious discussion.
In 2019, two organizations, "Common Cause" and the "Centre for the Study of Developing Societies" (CSDS), conducted a study on the state of policing in India and published a report. Among other issues, the report highlighted the biases against women, various castes, and minorities. The comprehensive survey, titled "Status of Policing in India Report," contacted 12,000 police personnel and 11,000 of their family members across 22 states. One of the questions asked was, "Do Muslims have a natural tendency to commit crimes?" Respondents were given four options:
1. Very much
2. Somewhat
3. Rarely
4. Not at all
The survey revealed a high level of prejudice against Muslims compared to other communities like Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes. When asked if Muslims naturally tend to commit crimes, 13% did not respond. Among the remaining 87%, 14% said "very much," 36% said "somewhat," 25% said "rarely," and 17% said "not at all." Combining the first two responses, it is clear that 50% of police personnel hold serious prejudices against the Muslim community. The survey also found that about 33% of police personnel believe that all communities have a natural tendency to commit crimes.
The survey was conducted in 32 states, and some findings related to Karnataka are particularly noteworthy. Among Karnataka's police personnel, 26% said Muslims have a "very much" tendency to commit crimes, 23% said "somewhat," 39% said "rarely," and 11% said "not at all." Combining the first two responses, 49% of Karnataka's police personnel hold strong prejudices against Muslims.
Another notable point is that Karnataka's police personnel do not limit their prejudices to Muslims alone. When asked the same question about Dalits, 21% said "very much," 24% said "somewhat," 34% said "rarely," and 19% said "not at all." Combining the first two responses, 46% of Karnataka's police personnel hold strong prejudices against Dalits.
According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report for 2021, out of 5.54 lakh prisoners in India, 3.73 lakh (67.5%) belong to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes.
The disproportionate representation of minorities and marginalized communities in prisons raises the question: Is it due to a higher propensity for crime in these communities, or is it because of biases, prejudices, and lack of sensitivity in the police department, judiciary, and society at large, especially within the criminal justice system? This is a significant question that warrants serious discussion. In the current scenario, it is certain that elements of discrimination, hatred, and vindictiveness against specific communities play a role. As long as such unhealthy mentalities persist in society, especially among law enforcers, certain communities and groups will continue to be victimized. This is not unique to India; similar, if not more alarming, situations have been observed in other parts of the world. For example:
- In England and Wales, the Black population is only 3.7%, but they constitute 12.2% of the prison population—four times their proportion in the general population.
- In the USA, the Black population is 13.2%, but they make up 35.8% of the prison population—three times their proportion in the general population.
- In Canada, Indigenous people constitute 3% of the population but 21% of the prison population—seven times their proportion in the general population.
- In Australia, Indigenous people and Torres Strait Islanders make up 3% of the population but 17.4% of the prison population—nine times their proportion in the general population.
In these countries, the reasons behind such disparities and potential solutions have been widely discussed. Investigations, studies, and surveys have been conducted, and there are repeated calls for effective measures to ensure impartiality in the legal system. In this context, it is essential for India to discuss the measures needed to maintain strict impartiality in the legal system.
In 1989, the central government enacted the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, following which many state governments set up special police stations to handle cases of atrocities against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Last year, the Karnataka government established 33 special police stations to handle cases of atrocities against Dalits, which operate under the Directorate of Civil Rights Enforcement (DCRE). While their effectiveness is unclear, this is undoubtedly a commendable step. Given that minorities are also victims of systemic bias and prejudice, it is worth considering similar alternative systems for them too. At the very least, this issue deserves serious discussion, especially by the state's minority welfare ministry, corporations, and commissions.
The article was published by Vartha Bharati Kannada on Mar 02, 2025 and is translated in English by Asim, Bangalore.
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Four arrested for abduction of 19-yr-old college student; Rs 50,000 ransom bid foiled in Bengaluru
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Bengaluru (PTI): Four people, former and senior students of the same college, were arrested for allegedly abducting a 19-year-old from his hostel in the city and later demanding a ransom of Rs 50,000 for his release, police said on Monday.
The victim, a first-year BBM student, was abducted by the accused on April 11 at around 7.50 pm near his hostel in BTM Layout, they said.
However, the Madiwala police foiled the plan within four hours and rescued the kidnapped student, a native of Odisha, police said.
Of those arrested, two were former students of the same college, while the remaining two were current senior students there.
The matter came to light on the night of April 11 when information was received from a student stating that another student had been kidnapped near the college hostel in BTM Layout.
According to police, the victim was forcibly taken away in a car and held in an old house in Jayanagar on Saturday night. The accused allegedly threatened him with a knife and a fake pistol and demanded that he transfer Rs 50,000 via UPI, failing which he would be killed.
They also contacted his friends and family seeking money.
Acting swiftly, Namma 112 personnel immediately relayed the information to Madiwala police officials. Based on this information, a case was registered, and an investigation was initiated.
“Within five hours of the incident, the police, using technical surveillance, successfully rescued the kidnapped student and apprehended the accused. Further investigation is in progress,” a senior police officer said.
All the accused are aged between 19 and 23 years. One of them used his father’s car to carry out the abduction, while another former student, who had passed out from the same college, joined the group in taking the victim to the house in Jayanagar, which belonged to another accused.
Police said some money was transferred to the suspects to ensure they did not harm the victim.
Police suspect the accused are habitual offenders and are investigating their possible involvement in similar cases in the past. One of the accused was also previously involved in an extortion case, they added.
The accused were remanded to judicial custody, police said, adding that further investigation is underway.
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