India's space endeavors in 2024 are set to commence with a launch on the first day of the year. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is currently in the final stages of pre-launch activities, preparing to deploy the X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) aboard a Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). Following the deployment of the main satellite, the PSLV's last stage will carry an additional 10 payloads.
 
In addition to XPoSAT, the primary satellite, the PSLV mission will transport an additional 10 payloads or instruments into space using its final stage, known as the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module, or POEM.
 
Space Startups Launch Cutting-Edge Technologies
 
The five instruments included on the POEM platform, as detailed by ISRO, are:
 
Radiation Shielding Experimental Module (RSEM): Designed to assess the effectiveness of Tantalum coating, developed by TakeMe2Space, Hyderabad.
 
Women Engineered Satellite (WESAT): Aims to measure Solar Irradiance and UV Index, crafted by LBS Institute of Technology for Women.
 
BeliefSat-0: An amateur radio satellite created by KJ Somaiya Institute of Technology.
 
Green Impulse Transmitter (GITA): A green bipropellant CubeSat propulsion unit from Inspecity Space Labs Private Limited.
 
Launching Expeditions for Aspiring Technologies - Technology Demonstrator (LEAP-TD): For demonstrating microsatellite subsystems, by Dhruva Space.
 
Other 5 includes
 
RUDRA 0.3 HPGP and ARKA-200: Two instruments from Bengaluru's Bellatrix Aerospace; RUDRA 0.3 HPGP is a green monopropellant thruster, and ARKA-200 is a heater-less hollow cathode for Hall thrusters.
 
Fuel Cell Power System (FCPS) and Silicon-based High Energy Cell: Two payloads developed by ISRO's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC); FCPS for fuel cell demonstration and a Silicon-based high energy cell.
 
Dust Experiment (DEX); A payload from Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) designed to measure the interplanetary dust count.
 
"PSLV's POEM: Pioneering Orbital Space Experiments"
 
The POEM (PSLV Orbital Experimental Module) is an innovative platform utilized for performing experiments in space, making use of the final stage of ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The PSLV is a rocket with four stages. The initial three stages drop into the ocean after use, while the final stage (PS4), typically left as space debris, is repurposed in POEM for conducting orbital experiments after delivering the satellite to its orbit.
 
During the PSLV-C53 mission, the final stage, after being expended, will serve as a "stabilized platform" for various experiments. This mission marks the first instance where the PS4 stage, through the POEM platform, will orbit the Earth as a stabilized platform for conducting experiments.
 
The PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM) is equipped with a specialized Navigation Guidance and Control (NGC) system to maintain stable orientation in space. It is powered by solar panels mounted around the PS4 tank, supplemented by a lithium-ion battery. For navigation, POEM utilizes an array of four sun sensors, a magnetometer, gyroscopes, and the NavIC system.
 
"PS4 Fuel Tank: POEM's Core"
 
The term "PS4 tank" refers to the fuel tank of the fourth stage (PS4) of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). In a multi-stage rocket like the PSLV, each stage has its own engines and fuel tanks. The PS4 is the uppermost stage of the PSLV, responsible for placing the satellite into its final orbit. The fuel tank in this stage, known as the PS4 tank, holds the propellant needed for this final push. In the context of the PSLV Orbital Experimental Module (POEM), solar panels are installed around this tank, utilizing the structure of the PS4 stage even after its primary function of satellite deployment is completed.
 
 

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New Delhi (PTI): The India-Russia collaboration is not directed against any country and it is solely aimed at safeguarding the national interests of the two sides, Russian President Vladimir Putin has said against the backdrop of Washington's aggressive approach towards New Delhi and Moscow.

In the context of India's energy ties with Russia, Putin said certain "actors" dislike New Delhi's growing role in international markets in view of its close relations with Moscow and these elements are aiming to constrain India's influence for political reasons by imposing "artificial obstacles".

In an interview to India Today news channel that was released on Thursday evening, the Russian president, referring to Western sanctions against Moscow, said his country's energy cooperation with New Delhi largely "remains unaffected".

Putin landed in New Delhi this evening on a two-day visit to hold summit talks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

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His trip comes at a time India-US relations are going through possibly the worst phase in the last two decades after Washington imposed a whopping 50 per cent tariff on Indian goods, including 25 per cent levies for New Delhi's procurement of Russian crude oil.

"Neither me nor Prime Minister Modi, despite certain external pressure we face, have never approached our collaboration to work against someone," the Russian president said in response to a question on Washington's aggressive approach.

"President Trump has his own agenda, his own goals, whereas we focus on ours -- not against anyone, but rather aimed at safeguarding our respective interests, India's and Russia's interests," he said.

Rejecting Washington's objection to India procuring crude oil from Russia, Putin said if the US has the right to buy Russian fuel, why "shouldn't India have the same privilege".

"As for India's purchase of energy resources from Russia, I would like to note and have already mentioned this once, the US itself still buys nuclear fuel from us for its own nuclear power plants," Putin said.

The Russian president also responded to a question on India lowering procurement of crude oil from Russia in view of Western sanctions on Moscow.

ALSO READ: Russian president Putin arrives in Delhi on 2-day visit

"Well, there is a certain decline in overall trade turnover during the first nine months of this year. This is just a minor adjustment. Overall, our trade turnover stands almost at the same level as before," he said.

"I can't give you exact monthly figures right now, but trade in petroleum products and crude oil, as well as the production of petroleum products for consumers of oil, Russian oil, is running smoothly in India," he said.

Putin also said that India cannot be treated the way it was several decades back.

"Prime Minister Modi is not someone who succumbs to pressure easily. The Indian people can certainly take pride in their leader. This is absolutely obvious," he said.

"His stance is unwavering and straightforward, without being confrontational. Our goal is not to provoke conflict; rather, we aim to protect our lawful rights. India does the same," he said.

On the Ukraine conflict, Putin said he believed the US is actively seeking a solution to this problem. "I am absolutely certain, with no doubt at all, he (Trump) sincerely aims for a peaceful resolution."

Putin said Trump genuinely wants to end the hostilities and prevent further loss of lives. "But there could also be political interests tied to ending the confrontation between Russia and Ukraine, or economic motives too."

On bilateral trade, Putin said over 90 per cent of "our transactions are already conducted in national currencies".

"While some complications arise due to the presence of numerous intermediaries, there are also solutions," he said.

The Russian president also complimented PM Modi's leadership.

"Our collaborative endeavours with Prime Minister Modi carry significant weight because they transcend our mutual ties," he said.

"Given its direct relevance to both nations, ensuring stability in key areas of engagement is crucial, as it helps secure the fulfilment of our objectives. Prime Minister Modi sets very challenging tasks for the country --and for himself in the first place, then for the administration, and eventually for the nation," he said.

The Russian president did not give a direct reply to a question on if India was looking at procuring additional batches of S-400 missile systems.

"India stands out as one of our reliable and privileged partners in this area. We are not merely selling something to India and India isn't merely buying something from us in the sphere of defence and security.

"It is a different level, a different quality of relations we have with India, and we value this. We see how India values this relationship too," he said.

Putin said Russia is not simply selling defence technology to India but it is sharing it with the country.

"It is a very rare thing to see in the sphere of military-technical cooperation. It speaks to the level of trust between the two countries and the level of trust between the two peoples.

"We have a broad portfolio indeed, including naval construction, rocket and missile engineering, and aircraft engineering," he added.