Vikram lander observes temperature variation on lunar surface, records high of 70 degree Celsius
Bengaluru, Aug 27: ISRO on Sunday released a graph of the temperature variation on the lunar surface and a senior scientist of the space agency expressed surprise over the high temperature recorded on the Moon.
The national space agency said Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) payload onboard Chandrayaan-3's Vikram lander measured the temperature profile of the lunar topsoil around the pole to understand the thermal behaviour of the Moon's surface.
"Here are the first observations from the ChaSTE payload onboard Vikram Lander. ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment) measures the temperature profile of the lunar topsoil around the pole to understand the thermal behaviour of the moon's surface," ISRO said in an update on social media platform 'X'.
Speaking about the graphic illustration, ISRO scientist B H M Darukesha told PTI: "We all believed that the temperature could be somewhere around 20 degree centigrade to 30 degree centigrade on the surface but it is 70 degree centigrade. This is surprisingly higher than what we had expected."
The space agency said the payload has a temperature probe equipped with a controlled penetration mechanism capable of reaching a depth of 10 centimetres beneath the surface.
"The probe is fitted with 10 individual temperature sensors. The presented graph illustrates the temperature variations of the lunar surface/near-surface at various depths, as recorded during the probe's penetration. This is the first such profile for the lunar south pole. Detailed observations are underway," ISRO said in a statement.
Scientist Darukesha explained, "When we go two to three centimetres inside the Earth, we hardly see two to three degree centigrade variation whereas there (in Moon), it is about 50 degree centigrade variation. This is something interesting."
The temperature dips to minus 10 degree Celsius below the lunar surface, the senior scientist said, adding that the variation is from 70 degree Celsius to minus 10 degree Celsius.
ISRO said the ChaSTE payload was developed by a team led by the Space Physics Laboratory (SPL) of the space agency's Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) in collaboration with Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
India on August 23 scripted history as ISRO's ambitious third Moon mission Chandrayaan-3 touched down on the lunar surface, making it only the fourth country to accomplish the feat, and first to reach the uncharted south pole of Earth's only natural satellite.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Saturday announced that the spot where Chandrayaan-3 Vikram lander touched down would henceforth be called 'Shiv Shakti Point', and the site where the Chandrayaan-2 lander crash-landed on the Moon's surface in 2019 would be known as 'Tiranga Point'.
Besides, August 23 would be celebrated as 'National Space Day' to mark the day when Chandrayaan-3 lander touched down on the lunar surface, Modi said.
Chandrayaan-3 Mission:
— ISRO (@isro) August 27, 2023
Here are the first observations from the ChaSTE payload onboard Vikram Lander.
ChaSTE (Chandra's Surface Thermophysical Experiment) measures the temperature profile of the lunar topsoil around the pole, to understand the thermal behaviour of the moon's… pic.twitter.com/VZ1cjWHTnd
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Around 1,068 hectares of railway land is under encroachment: Railway Minister
New Delhi (PTI): Around 1,068 hectares of land owned by Indian Railways is under encroachment across the country, which is only 0.21 per cent of the total 4.99 lakh hectares of land, Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw informed the Rajya Sabha on Friday.
Replying to supplementary queries during Question Hour, the minister said that if one sees the utilisation of all railway land, nearly 80 per cent of the land is near the tracks, 5 per cent around it, while the remaining 15 per cent of land is used for development of stations, colonies, hospitals and other things.
"Around 0.21 per cent of Railway land is under illegal encroachment in the country," he told members in the House.
"It is correct that this illegal encroachment on land is a serious problem. Action has also been taken, but timely action has also been taken from time to time. But every time such an action is taken, a humanitarian approach is adopted, as the poorest people have set up jhuggis on railway land. Wherever possible, a practical solution has been taken together with state governments," he said.
He also informed the Upper House that several good initiatives have been taken to protect railway land. Among the technological steps taken, he said, complete digitisation of railway land has been done, and electronic land records have been put on a portal.
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"Each and every plot of land has been properly mapped and electronically preserved. Surveys have also been done through drones and satellite images of the land of all railway land. Overall, further encroachment has been stopped significantly.
"There have been some good examples of getting railway land vacated. In Surat, we have worked together with the state government, which assured to provide houses under PM Awas Yojna to those who had encroached railway land. Hence, a humanitarian approach was adopted, and land was vacated, and development work was taken forward," he told the members.
He said wherever states help, they yield good results, and the issue of land comes under the state government, and hence the centre works together with state governments.
The minister said the Railways is using two basic technologies -- satellite technology and second is drone-based surveys and both produce maps, and then the same is compared with our reference maps to find out, through AI and algorithms.
"If any new encroachments have happened, we are able to take immediate steps. That is why fresh encroachment has significantly reduced and almost stopped. The problem is more of the encroachment that has been there for many decades now," he said.
For utilisation of unused land, the minister said the Railways has created a very transparent mechanism in the last few years, and the results of that are now visible.
"Railways have an authority called the Railway Land Development Authority. Though some non-transparent steps were taken during the UPA, we have now started developing land through a transparent tendering process, and there have been several examples of development of railway land through a transparent tender process, where revenues are shared.
"During the current financial year, we are expected to receive Rs 900 crore revenue out of that, and this is going to increase significantly," Vaishnaw informed the house.
In his written reply to the starred question, the minister said, "Regular inspections, demarcations and periodical verification of the railway land boundaries are carried out by the railway administration, and accordingly, land records are updated. Indian Railway works closely with state revenue authorities to ensure continuous verification and updation of land records wherever required."
"As on 01.04.2025, Indian Railway owns approximately 4.99 lakh hectares of land, out of which about 0.21 per cent (1068 ha) of Railway land is under encroachment. Regular field surveys are carried out by railways, and necessary action is taken to remove the encroachment with the assistance of state governments.
"During the last five years, about 98.02 Ha of railway land has been reclaimed from encroachments. The vacant railway land is utilized for infrastructural development viz.
"Multi-tracking, Railway Workshops, New Passenger Terminals, Cargo Terminals, etc., as per operational needs. Land, which is not immediately required by Railways, is entrusted to Rail Land Development Authority (RLDA) for commercial utilisation," the Railway minister said.
